HOW FARMING LEOPARDS, TIGERS & PANTHERS AT SEA ENDANGERS WILD FISH & CORAL REEFS

Leopard Coral Trout 

If you’ve ever eaten at a Chinese restaurant, you’ve probably noticed a bubbling tankful of grouper. The lethargic predators are among Asia’s most sought-after reef fish, prized for taste and texture. Across the Philippines, millions of juveniles are caught before they reproduce, raising serious concerns about the LRFFT’s sustainability. Although there are 161 grouper species, the apple of traders’ eyes is the Leopard Coral Trout (Plectropomus leopardus), a colorful crimson fish which fetches up to US$160 per kilogramme in Hong Kong and US$300 per kilogramme in China. Locally called Suno, the fish are packed in cold styropor boxes and flown to various seafood centers. “When the trade started in the 1980s, most wild-caught groupers were market-sized, each around a foot long,” recounts Dr. Geoffrey Muldoon, WWF Coral Triangle Strategy Leader for the LRFFT.

“After 30 years, most of the large ones have been fished out. Today just one in five wild-caught groupers are market-sized. Since there aren’t enough adults to go around, the LRFFT turned to ranching, a system where juveniles are caught and grown in guarded offshore cages.” Within submerged cages and pens, groupers must endure temperature fluctuations, overcrowding and diseases. Many die in the process. Those that survive around 10 months in captivity are sold as market-sized fish – each around a foot long and weighing from 500 to 700 grams. At this stage in the supply chain, a single Suno retails for about USD 60. Buyers then classify and rate the fish before airlifting them to consumer hubs like Hong Kong and mainland China. A steaming plate of Leopard Coral Trout – valued for ‘lucky’ red coloration – can fetch upwards of USD 300 in a posh Chinese restaurant, especially during the Chinese New Year. 

Benefits reach all levels. Fishers earn up to 50 times more from selling a kilogramme of Suno than from other types of fish. Federico and Nida Ellut from Araceli in Northern Palawan sent their three children to school from their income as grouper collectors. “From a simple straw hut, we now have a two-bedroom concrete home. We’re also saving up to buy our third boat.” Money talks – but extraction always has hidden costs.

Once at the top of the LRFFT head, the Panther Grouper was harvested until the government intervened to save wild stocks. It is now illegal to capture these fish. Will the Suno suffer a similar fate?

Stocks Depleted? 

The current system of LRFFT collection is untenable: WWF surveys have shown that over half the groupers taken from Palawan’s reefs are juveniles, a clear sign of dangerous stock depletion. Groupers are high-tier predators – remove too many of them and populations of other fish will spike and upset reef balance. The fact that most groupers spawn in conspicuous aggregations also makes them highly-vulnerable to collectors who predict when and where they will amass. A solution is to identify, establish and manage marine protected areas in known aggregation sites, so groupers can breed continuously. “Overharvesting has been a huge problem. Fishers were catching five times more than what could be sustained. Spawning aggregations were targeted, depleting brood-stock. Fortunately local government units and stakeholders learned to embrace conservation efforts,” notes WWF-Philippines Project Manager Mavic Matillano. WWF is now leading multi-stakeholder efforts to facilitate the recovery of Suno stocks through the establishment and upkeep of marine protected areas, plus enhanced enforcement, licensing and education. But there are alternate solutions. 

Full-cycle Mariculture

“Given the fishery’s dependence on wild juveniles, a way forward is through full-cycle mariculture, potentially freeing suppliers from having to catch wild fish,” explains Dr. Muldoon. First mastered by the Taiwanese in the 1970s, full-cycle mariculture (the production of fish or invertebrates in seawater – as opposed to freshwater aquaculture) entails the generation of seafood while minimizing or eliminating the need to draw from wild stocks. Hardier but lower-value species such as Green Grouper (Epinephelus coioides) and Tiger Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus), which respectively retail for USD 30 and USD 50 per kilogramme, have been successfully bred and reared in captivity since the year 2000. Few have met success with finicky Leopard Coral Trout, however. The fish spawn, but rarely live beyond three or four weeks. 

There’s good news though. The Palawan Aquaculture Corporation, a company in the Northern Palawan town of Coron, claims to have successfully bred Leopard Coral Trout – a vital first step in the LRFFT’s road to full-cycle mariculture. With luck, farm-bred Suno might soon be a commercial reality, but the clock is ticking.As I jump and dive around the floating Leopard farms of Taytay, I notice how Leopard Coral Trout comprise just half the fish in the cages. Whereas a few years ago cages would brim with bright red Suno, each fish cage now hosts an eclectic blend of Strawberry, Saddle, Harlequin, Bluelined and other types of grouper – now pressed into the trade to take the declining Suno’s place. 

I recall a tale shared by Mavic about another grouper species. “Just a few years ago, the silver and black-spotted Panther Grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) was at the top of the LRFFT heap. Caught and exported by the millions, stocks crashed – prompting the government to impose a total ban on the Panther Grouper. The Suno, next in line, became the LRFFT’s next big offering.” So how long before the Suno population crashes? If and when it does, the market will simply move on to other fish in a vicious cycle of overconsumption. Fishy business perhaps – but farming the sea’s Leopards, Tigers and Panthers is the LRFFT’s way forward.